330 PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.

beans, are cultivated on new lands, in the same man- ner as potatoes. Grain of all kinds, turnip, hemp, flax, and grass seeds, are sown over the surface, and covered by means of a hoe, rake, or harrow. Wheat is usually sown on the same ground, the year after potatoes, without ploughing, but covering the seed with a rake or harrow; and oats are sown on the same land the following year. Some farmers, and it is certainly a prudent plan, sow timothy, or clover seed, the second year, along with the wheat, and af- terwards let the ground remain under grass until the stumps of the trees can be easily got out, which usu- ally requires three or four years. With a little addi- tional, labour, these obstructions to cultivation might be removed the second year. The roots of spruce, birch, and beech decay soonest; those of pine ”and hemlock scarcely decay in an age. After the stumps are removed from the soil, and those natural hillocks, called cradle 'hills,* which render the whole Of the forestsgofiAmerica full of inequalities of from one to three feet high, are levelled, the plough may always be used, and the system of husbandry followed that is most approved of in England or Scotland. When the soil is exhausted by cropping, which, ‘ on alluvial lands, is scarcely ever the case, various manures may be procured and applied. In many parts of America, limestone, gypsum, &c. are abun- dant; but little else except stable dung is ever used.

* These tumuli have been formed during the growth of the forest trees, by the extension of their large roots, and the portion of the trunks under ground, swelling the earth gradually into hillocks.