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that more was to be gained by remaining loyal to the British than by supporting the Americans, whose promises and boasts had not materialized.

The Declaration of Independence by the Americans in Congress at Phila- delphia on July 4, 1776, was followed August 27th by a British Proclamation characterizing the Americans as rebels. In the vicinity of New York Sir William Howe defeated the Americans under General \Vashington on Long Island, whose forces were driven out of the southern part of New Jersey. Sir William Howe moved by sea from New York against Philadelphia. On September 11, 1777, Sir William Howe defeated the Americans at Brandywine, which victory gave him undisputed control of Philadelphia and vicinity, where he and his forces enjoyed several months of comparative tranquillity. He appears, however, to have underestimated the strength and the spirit of the Americans, or to have overestimated his own powers. By the original plan of campaign he was to have ascended the Hudson River and effected a junction with General Burgoyne’s forces. who set out July 12, 1777, with 8,000 men to follow the Lake Champlain and Lake George route to the Hudson. While Burgoyne was struggling through the wilderness south of Lake George, Sir William Howe was still at Philadelphia. Burgoyne became so harassed that he surrendered to General Gates on October 17th. In November Philadelphia became the British head- quarters. Major Holland was no doubt with Sir William Howe’s forces at New York and Philadelphia in 1776 and 1777. Early in 1777 Heister was super- seded by Knyphausen and probably Holland served under the latter. The complete wreck of the British campaign of 1777, by which it was expected to cut the disaffected colonies into two sections caused the Government to recall Sir \Villiam Howe, who was succeeded by Sir Henry Clinton in May, 1778.

On the day of the battle of Bunker Hill, Ensign John Graves Simcoe, of the 35th Regiment, landed at Boston. Shortly afterwards he purchased a command in the 40th Regiment, which he lead at Brandywine. On October 15th, Simcoe was appointed as major in the Queen’s Rangers, which was then stationed about four miles out of Philadelphia. In the early part of 1778 the Rangers were active in New Jersey, and when the British Army retired from Philadelphia on June 24, 1778, the Rangers took the lead. During the following winter they were stationed at Oyster Bay, Long Island.

John Graves Simcoe was born in 1752, and was therefore by many years the junior of Major Holland. Captain John Simcoe, R.N., commander of H.M.S. Pembroke, had taken an interest in Holland and his work at Louis- burg in 1758, and it would only be reasonable to expect that Holland and the Commander’s son would become acquainted when serving under the same commander—in—chief at New York, a friendship that continued for many years.

Some time during 1778, upon the request of Sir Frederick Haldimand, Governor of Quebec, Major Holland left New York for Quebec, probably via Halifax, to resume his duties as Surveyor-General. Whether the Major's wife and family of young children retired to Quebec in 1775, or to Isle St. Jean, or to New York, is not now known.

After the retreat of the American forces from Quebec and Montreal in 1776, there were no further attacks upon Canada or Acadia.

2H.