154 PAST AND PRESENT OF Malpeque . Thirty years later the Union Jack supplanted the Fleur-de-lis at, Louis- burg and French patriotism again contrib¬ uted to our population in the new settlements at and Souris . Many of the French who remained made themselves so obnoxious to their new rulers in Acadia that they were forced by the government to disperse and face pioneer life again on the more hospitable Island shores. But war is insatiable; in a few years the unvanquished defied the vanquished; Britain proved su¬ preme in the New World and in 1763 by the Treaty of Fontainebleau six thousand five hundred Prince Edward Islanders owed al¬ legiance to the ruler of Great Britain . A century of discord was not conducive to the development of the arts of peace. Fifty years before the British claimed our Province, the fertility of the soil had at¬ tracted the progressive Frenchman's atten¬ tion, but with uncertainty of peace there could be no permanency of industry. Fish¬ ing offered the. remuneration of returns without necessitating establishment, and the more safe but exacting art of agriculture was neglected. But discord in order to exist is often forced to undo the damage that it has wrought. During the seiges of Louis- burg and Quebec the needs of the garrison there forced to encourage the farmer; the profits increased, and agriculture in Prince Edward Island received its first impulse. For a few years after the British occupa¬ tion peace brooded over the homes and pur¬ suits of our forefathers. The first effects of the war had been to scatter the French popu¬ lation, sending some to the unexplored in¬ terior, and forcing others to the privations of migration. But the colonizing genius of Old England soon grappled with the prob¬ lem of settlement; in 1764 to 1766 Captain Holland completed the survey of the Prov¬ ince, dividing it into sixty-seven Townships of about twenty thousand acres each. Eng¬ lish thoroughness and stability find in this achievement a monument to their honour, for the work has remained practically unal¬ tered for almost one hundred and fifty years. Security guaranteed, prosperity promised, law and order established, all was done that could be done to induce the building of homes. Wrong motives lead to wrong acts and produce bad effects. Greed and ambition caused English statesmen to sacrifice Prince Edward Island 's progress for many years to the whims of English capitalists and polit¬ ical parasites. For the purpose of inducing settlement favorites were granted large areas in the new colony, under condition that "every grantee should settle his estate at the rate of one person to two hundred acres within ten years of the date of his grant, and that one-third of the estate was to be settled in this proportion within four years." A part of the land was re¬ served as the property of the Crown for religious, educational, and military purposes. But the stringency of law sits heavily where the principle of right is subjected to the gratification of selfishness. The grantees found many ways of abusing their privi¬ leges; many of them sold their claims at once, most of them cared nothing for the fulfillment of their obligations, and the life of the struggling pioneer tenant was embit¬ tered by taxation and servitude without re¬ dress. Parliaments, local organizations, and even mobs struggled for the supremacy of freedom, but political intrigue, civil law, and armed force defeated the aims of justice. For more than a century political influence crushed out the operation of constitutional proceedings or revolutionary action. Finally