horses, 65% of the other farm animals and 60% of the crops. Seven of these thirteen are among those designated here as original settlers. Four householders, in addition to the wheelright, did not hold any land. On the other hand, more farmers claimed ownership to crops than claimed ownership of, or title to, arable land; this seems to indicate cooperative farming, by some of the settlers. Local tradition confirmed

this conclusion.

According to local tradition these early settlers to Kinkora were Irish emigrants from counties Armagh and Monaghan. Burke and Blanchard state they

were tenants of the notorious Henry Westeura

(Westenra), Lord Rossmore, (ll) and had been

bordering on starvation at home, where they “

eked out a miserable existence on farms of

from two to seven acres, upon which it was

barely possible to live, much less pay rent.

Others, again, were from the parish of Tynan,

[Armagh] where was the celebrated "Bishop

Estate" administered by a body of twelve

clergymen. On this estate every worldly

advantage and indulgence were offered the

tenants, provided they would send their

children to the Church School. (l2) The picture painted in this passage, and supported by local tradition in stories about the poverty of the first settlers, may be inaccurate. The 1841 CenSus shows that among the 155 settlers from Ireland only nine did not pay for their travel fare to America; the fare was approximately three pounds per person. Twenty—six householders emigrated from Ireland with their families. Economic conditions in Ireland in the 1820‘s and 1850's are usually described as those of a minor depression;

however, the economic historian, L. M. Cullen, suggests that

this picture has been exaggerated. He suggests that it was