XXVII

two terminations, one ending in koose, and the other im/z, as neme- koose and nemz‘mk, I am seen.

Intermedial or Interlocutory verbs express the idea of relation- ship and representation; the agent becomes a medium of conveyance between two others. The simple verb keloose, I speak, not only be- comes keloodumelsdowse, I speak for myself, but also keloodumelstiool. I speak of thee.

Impersonal or Unipersonal verbs are used more freely than in English; there was among the Micmacs such a feeling of awe and mystery regarding the phenomena of nature; we find pdsak, it snows, kikpz’zsak, it rains, ladktoogwak, it thunders, wdsogwodesak, it lightens, wo'bunéak, day breaks, and many others all ending in ak.

Substantival Verbs are simply inflected substantives, as ulnooé, I am a man, (ulnao), which is inflected throughout to take the place of the copula as used in other languages; for there is no copula in Mic- mac. Substantival verbs denote possession and property, which may also be expressed by words in apposition; as 1100!: usz's, and kél— dwootceaknén wegisz'n, you are my father and I am your son.

A large class of verbs may be denominated trans-substantival, for they indicate that one substance is transformed into another. There are three classes: (a), simple, indicating a complete change from one inanimate substance to another, as in the expression wostow saboolidegd, I change snow into water, and pébmokun awakawaa’egé, I change bread into flesh; (b), when the subject or object is animate, as elegdwalool, I make thee a king; ulnooalool, I make (create) a man of you; and (c), when the transformation is on account of or for some person, self or other, as pébenokmz dwa/zdwalok, I change bread into his flesh (church rite), and pébenosz Zzwakdwaluse, I transform bread into my own flesh.

Adjectival Verbs are not without precedent in other languages, the Micmac sabizwe, I am righteous, wise, closely resembles the Latin sapio; and epse, I am warm, is used like Latin calm; from ‘these easily spring the class of inceptive verbs, keloose, I am good, becoming keloosec'z, I begin to be good. The adjective kesegoo gives us kesegooe, I am old, and kesegooai, I am growing old.

Mental verbs are represented by welde, I am well, welea’ase, I