Table 4-5. Definitions of the structural elements of wooden sailing vessels listed on the Lloyd's inspection 
     
     forms used on Prince Edward Island. Except for those marked OED (from the Oxford English Dictionary), 
     
     they are adapted from the Visual Encyclopedia of Nautical Terms under Sail (Anon.1978). 
     
    
   
   
    
     TIMBERING 
     
    
   
   
    
     the principal length of timber in a ship, running fore and aft, supporting and uniting the 
     
     whole structure. 
     
    
   
   
    
     internal keel mounted over the floor—timbers and immediately above the keel. 
     
     Rider keelson second keelson fitted above the principal keelson. 
     
     upright component rising from the keel at the fore end of a vessel. 
     
    
   
   
    
     vertical component, mounted on the afterend of the keel, terminating the hull and holding 
     
     the rudder. 
     
    
   
   
    
     Deadwood blocks of timber attached to the keel fore and aft. The deadwood extends from the 
     
     stemson and stern-post, and forms a solid upward extension of the keel to which the 
     
     timbers can be fastened. 
     
    
   
   
    
     Floors or floor- lowest section of a frame or rib, placed immediately across the keel (between it and the 
     
     timbers keelson). 
     
    

    
     Foothooks (or the middle sections making up a rib or frame, between the floor-timber and top—timber. 
     
     futtock) 
     
    
   
   
    
     Top timber topmost section of a frame or rib, above the futtocks. 
     
    
   
   
    
     Beams thick strong timbers stretching across the ship from side to side, supporting the decks. 
     
    
   
   
    
     Transoms the beams fastened across the stern post, strengthening the stern and giving it shape. 
     
    
   
   
    
     Hawse timbers heavy vertical timbers in a vessel’s bow in which the hawse holes are cut. 
     
    
   
   
    
     curved timbers of uniform thickness, fixed behind the lower section of the stem 
     
     immediately above the leading end of the keel. 
     
    
   
   
    
     Knight-heads two heavy baulks of timber, one on each side of the stem and rising above it to support th 
     
     bowsprit. 
     
    
   
   
    
     angled pieces of timber, generally used to connect the beams of a ship with her sides or 
     
     frame. 
     
    
   
   
    
     Hinged device at the stern of a vessel by which she is steered. 
     
    
   
   
    
     Mechanical device consisting of a roller or beam around which a rope or chain is wound, 
     
     used, among other things, for lifting the anchor in a vessel. 
     
    
   
   
    
     EXTERNAL PLANKING 
     
     continuous range of planking running fore and aft along a ship’s side. 
     
    
   
   
    
     a number of strong planks extending the entire length of a ship’s side at different heights, 
     
     reinforcing the decks. 
     
    

    
     Black strakes range of planks in a ship’s side immediately above the wales, painted with a mixture of tar 
     
     and lamp—black. 
     
    
   
   
    
     Topsides the upper planking on a ship’s sides. (OED) 
     
     Plank sheers the uppermost planks running along the top-timbers of a vessel’s frames. 
     
    
   
   
    
       
     
    
   
   
    
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