A. Stewart MacDonald D.F.C., M.D. C..M. 
     
    
   
   
    
     the TI markers.1 The Pilot, who could not see under the 
     
     plane, said that we were fooling him. The next morning we 
     
     had beautiful pictures of the TI markers — the lead crews 
     
     with the best equipment were the target markers - they 
     
     put red markers on the target, and ringed them with green 
     
     markers. They stayed and directed the bombing, telling 
     
     the crew where to drop the bombs. They had a tough time 
     
     flying in the heavy flak, and I often heard them saying 
     
     ”Take over now, I am going down.” 
     
    

    
     The Americans, who flew Fortresses, had several 
     
     gunners to our two, but they flew in formation and the 
     
     fighters could pick them off like ducks. They had no 
     
     evasive action, while each of our planes was on its own. 
     
     We flew in lanes of 500 feet, starting at 20,000 feet to 17,000 
     
     feet. The Pilot dreaded when we got on the lower layer. We 
     
     flew 11 daylight trips and only then could one appreciate 
     
     the darkness, when one did not see the bombs falling 
     
     freely all around. I made 20 trips to the Ruhr Valley, the 
     
     hottest place in Europe. That was where the factories were. 
     
     I flew to Koln three times, never hit the big church - it was 
     
     on the river bank and that was all that saved it. I flew twice 
     
     to Duisburg on 1,000 plane raids on the same day. Then I 
     
     went on the next day to Wilhemshaven to bomb the ships. 
     
    

    
     On one of the trips to Koln when the bombs 
     
     dropped, the bomb aimer reported that the 4,000 pounder 
     
     had frozen and the pilot said, ”Hang on" and he would 
     
     dive down and then pull up suddenly. After about three 
     
     or four times the bomb let go. The next morning it was 
     
     reported that one of the crews knocked out a bridge on the 
     
     Rhine River. We knew it was us, but we kept quiet as the 
     
     Allies hoped to use the bridges later. 
     
    
   
   
    
     4. Target indicator marker, a preliminary marker 
     
     used by the pathfinderforce (PEP) prior to laying down red, 
     
     ringed with green markers 
     
    
   
   
    
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